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bigoil436's InsaneJournal:
- direct discharge of effluents and solid wastes into the seas and oceans (industrial discharge, municipal waste discharge, coastal sewage, and others);
- land runoff into the coastal zone, mainly with rivers;
- atmospheric fallout of pollutants transferred by the air mass onto the seas' surface.
- substances causing mechanical impacts (suspensions, films, solid wastes) that damage the respiratory organs, digestive system, and receptive ability;
- substances provoking eutrophic effects (e.g., mineral compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus, and organic substances) that cause mass rapid growth of phytoplankton and disturbances of the balance, structure, and functions of the water ecosystems;
- substances with saprogenic properties (sewage with a high content of easily decomposing organic matter) that cause oxygen deficiency followed by mass mortality of water organisms, and appearance of specific microphlora;
- substances causing toxic effects (e.g., heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, dioxins, and furans) that damage the physiological processes and functions of reproduction, feeding, and respiration;
- substances with mutagenic properties (e.g., benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic compounds, biphenyls, radionuclides) that cause carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects.
| Wednesday, December 24th, 2008 | |
| 2:56 pm | Oil Drilling causes sea Pollution and marine Pollution ` Anthropogenic impact on the shelfFirst of all, we need to note the extreme diversity and mosaic nature of anthropogenic impact on the hydrosphere. It includes such multifactorial phenomena as changes in temperature regime and radioactive background, discharges of toxic effluents and inflow of nutrients, irretrievable water consumption and damage of water organisms during seismic surveys, landing of commercial species and their cultivation, destruction of the shoreline and construction of drilling rigs. Underestimation of the impact on the water ecosystems and the use of a single-factorial approach to analyze their state, focusing on some single aspect of human activity, lead to a distorted picture of the consequences of such activity.
Anthropogenic impact on the water environment should be defined as a cumulative manifestation of all kinds of human activity which causes obvious and/or hidden disturbances in the natural structure and functions of water biotic communities, anomalies in their habitats, changes in the hydrology and geomorphology of water bodies, diminishing their fisheries and recreational value, and other negative effects of ecological, economic, or socioeconomic nature. This definition is based on the concept of a multifactorial nature of anthropogenic impact on the hydrosphere. This impact cumulatively results in structural and functional responses of the water ecosystems and biota. The concept of anthropogenic impact is extremely important for analyzing the ecology of coastal and shelf zone. For centuries this zone has been the center of various human activities. These include urbanization, construction of seaports and harbors, development of natural resources (including oil production and fishing), marine aquaculture, shipping, recreation, and many others. Various activities that are in progress in the narrow area on both sides of the shoreline provide 50% and more of the gross national product of many countries. All of these activities affect (usually directly and hazardously) the shelf ecology. At present, the anthropogenic disturbances of the shelf zone are found on a global scale. In many areas, they have reached critical limits. This is the prize for the unjustifiably rapid economic growth and shortsighted environmental policy (or rather for its absence). Marine pollutionAt least two reasons allow us to consider pollution as the main, most widespread, and most dangerous factor of anthropogenic impact on the hydrosphere. First, pollution accompanies most kinds of human activities, including offshore oil and gas production and marine oil transportation. Second, in contrast with land ecosystems, in the water environment, pollutants quickly spread over large distances from the sources of pollution. In the freshwater and inland ecosystems, the effects of pollution are obvious. They literally appear right in front of our eyes. In contrast, the World Ocean has a large inertia of response to all forms of external impact. It requires a long hidden (latent) period to manifest the evidence of non-obvious consequences of this impact. The danger of the situation is complicated by the fact that when it happens, it will be too late to do anything. Pollutant input into the marine environment Among all the diversity of human activities and sources of pollution, we can distinguish three main ways that pollutants enter the marine environment: Certainly, the relative contribution of each of these channels into the combined pollution input into the sea will be different for different substances and in different situations. Quantitative estimates of these processes are difficult because of the lack of reliable data and the extreme complexity of the natural processes, especially at the sea-land and sea-atmosphere boundaries. For a number of pollutants (metals, nitrates, phosphates, oil and some other hydrocarbons), this task is even more complicated. They are distributed in the marine environment in the background of natural biogeochemical cycles of the same substances. Recognizing these complications explains why many earlier conclusions about the levels, flows, and balance of many substances in the hydrosphere are currently under revision. Developing new approaches and more precise analytical methods to determine trace amounts of contaminants allowed to get more reliable estimates of the contribution of different channels into the total contamination of the marine environment. Sources, composition, and degree of hazards of pollution components We need to mention the extreme diversity of marine pollution components, variety of their sources, scales of distribution, and degree of hazards. These pollutants can be classified in different ways, depending on their composition, toxicity, persistence, sources, volumes, and so on. In order to analyze large-scale pollution and its global effects, it is common to distinguish a group of the most widespread pollutants. These include chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metals, nutrients, oil hydrocarbons, surface-active substances, and artificial radionuclides. These substances form the so-called background contamination that exists at present in any place in the hydrosphere. Depending on the type of impact on the water organisms, communities, and ecosystems, the pollutants can be grouped in the following order of increasing hazard: Some of these pollutants (especially chlorinated hydrocarbons) cause toxic and mutagenic effects. Others (decomposing organic substances) lead to eutrophic and saprogenic effects. Oil and oil products are a group of pollutants that have complex and diverse composition and various impacts on living organisms - from physical and physicochemical damage to carcinogenic effects. To estimate the hazard of different pollutants, we should take into account not only their hazardous properties but other factors, too. These include the volumes of their input into the environment, the ways and scale of their distribution, the patterns of their behavior in the water ecosystems, their ability to accumulate in living organisms, the stability of their composition, and other properties. Global and regional aspects At present, the signs and consequences of human activity can be found everywhere on the Earth. One of the typical features of marine pollution is global spreading of a number of contaminants. Numerous data undoubtedly indicate the existence of a large-scale (global) field of background contamination of the hydrosphere. Another important feature of marine pollution is the existence of increased pollution levels in the enclosed seas and coastal waters as compared with the open ocean. Contamination levels also increase during the transition from the southern parts of all oceans to the north, where the main industrial centers and main pollution sources are concentrated. Besides the general pattern of distribution of pollution sources, there are two other factors explaining the relative stability of the global pollutant distribution in the World Ocean. Those are the relative confinement of large-scale water circulation within the limits of each hemisphere and the predominance of the zonal transport (that is, moving along the geographic parallels) of the traces in the atmosphere. Another distinctive and repeatedly registered feature of the general picture of contaminants distribution in the marine environment is their localization at the water-atmosphere and water-bottom sediment boundaries. Practically everywhere and for all trace components (primarily for oil hydrocarbons), their concentrations are considerably (usually hundreds and thousands of times) higher in the surface microlayer of water and in the upper layer of bottom sediments. These boundaries provide the biotopes for the communities of hyponeuston and benthos, respectively. The existence of elevated levels of contaminants in the zones of high bioproductivity is extremely ecologically alarming. These zones include the water layer up to 100 m from the water surface (photic layer) and boundaries of natural environments (water-atmosphere and water-bottom sediment, as previously mentioned) as well as enclosed seas, estuaries, coastal and shelf waters. In particular, in shelf and coastal zones, which take only 10% of the World Ocean surface and less than 3% of its volume, the most intense processes of bioproduction, including the self-reproduction of the main living resources of the sea, take place. The main press of anthropogenic impact is also concentrated here. It is significant that at the regional and local levels, the intensity of anthropogenic press on the marine environment generally increases. The number and diversity of pollution components is growing as well. The contaminants with global distribution are combined here with hundreds and thousands of ingredients of local and regional distribution. Most of these substances are wastes and discharges from different local industries and activities. Often they are not included in the sphere of chemical-analytical control and monitoring. We usually get to know about their existence in the water environment from various signs of environmental trouble. These include the decline of abundance and various pathologies among fish and other organisms, poisoning or diseases among people, degradation of coastal ecosystems, fouled beaches, unusual algae blooms, and so forth. Different marine regions are subjected to various and specific impact factors. The combination of these factors under specific conditions ultimately defines the ecological situation in a given area. In particular, we want to stress the alarming features of the ecological situation in many Russian marine areas. The pollution levels here very often exceed the maximum permissible limits. This fact was one of the reasons why during the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, Russia was rated as one of the most polluted countries of the world [Rybalski, Zaslavski, 1993]. ~ Sustainable Technology TRAINING for WOMEN http://sarahteach.livejournal.com/2 http://vegcar.livejournal.com http://www.electric-cars-are-for-gi http://www.electric-cars-are-for-gi book: Unlocking the Secrets to Living Your Dreams; by Jack Canfield book: Positive Imaging, The Powerful Way to Change Your Life; by Norman Vincent Peale SolFocus Aims to Beat Coal with Solar Concentrators http://air302.livejournal.com SOLAR Heated SWIMMING POOL, Spa, Hot Tub http://www.fafco.com http://www.solargenix.com http://www.canadiansolartechnologie ` HEATPUMP Heated SWIMMING POOL, Spa, Hot Tub http://heatpump301.livejournal.com Eat LOCAL Organc Foods save energy http://www.localharvest.org http://www.organicconsumers.org http://www.greenpeople.org http://www.eatwellguide.org http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/localfo http://www.biodynamics.com http://www.coopamerica.org http://www.localsustainability.net http://livabilityproject.org http://www.sustainabletable.org http://foodchoice.livejournal.com http://www.startnow.org http://www.harvestcanada.com Proverb: Good Food is Good Medicine. <> Garbage in, garbage out. 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The military claims the Wind Farms are a threat to national security. Maybe the Wind Farms are a threat to Big Oil and Big Coal? HOW STUPID ARE AMERICANS? http://pickensplan101.livejournal.c FOSSIL FUEL ECONOMIC DISASTER http://ovl.indymedia.org/news/2008/06/2 http://argentina.indymedia.org/news/200 ~ book: Tyranny of Oil; by Antonia Juhasz book: Halliburton Agenda - The Politics of Oil and Moneyl; by Dan Briody book: Cronies - Oil, the Bushes, and the Rise of Texas; by Dan Briody book: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man; by John Perkins book: Economic Gangsters; Ray Fisman book: Sound Truth and Corporate Myth - The Legacy of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill; by Riki Ott book: Poisoned Wells - The Dirty Politics Of African Oil; by Leandre Poisson book: Justice Under Siege; by Eva Joly book: Texas Oil and the New Deal; by Steve Isser book: Corruption In Iraq & World; by Vance Jochim book: Teapot Dome Scandal: How Big Oil Bought the Harding White House and Tried to Steal the Country; by Laton Mccartney book: Untapped - The Scramble for Africa's Oil; by John Ghazvinian book: Eating Fossil Fuel - Oil, Food and the Coming Crisis in Agriculture; by Dale Allen Pfeiffe book: Blood and Oil; by Michael Klare book: Backstabbing for Beginners; by Michael Soussan book: A Culture of Corruption; by Daniel Jordan Smith book: THE RISE, CORRUPTION AND COMING FALL OF THE HOUSE OF SAUD; by Said K. Aburish book: Greed and corruption in the Caspian; by Derek Brower book: Corporate Corruption - The Abuse of Power; by Marshall B. Clinard report: All the Presidents’ Men - The Devastating Story of Oil and Banking in Angola’s Privatised War; by Global Witness book: Curse of the Black Gold - 50 Years of Oil in the Niger Delta; by Michael Watts book: Crude - The Story of Oil; by Sonia Shah book: Where Vultures Feast: Shell, Human Rights and Oil; by Ike Okonta book: The Prize - The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power; by Daniel Yergin book: A Game as Old as Empire - The Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption; by Steven Hiatt book: Blood Bankers; by James S. Henry book: Grand Theft Pentagon - Tales of Corruption and Profiteering in the War on Terror; by Jeffrey St. Clair book: Oil and the Glory - The Pursuit of Empire and Fortune on the Caspian Sea; by Steve LeVine book: Indonesian Production Sharing Contract, an investor's perspective; by T. N. Machmud book: Grand corruption in the regulation of oil; by Tina Soreide book: Oil on the Brain; by Lisa Margonelli book: Many Faces of Corruption; by J. Edgardo Campos http://www.thebushagenda.net Pure, clean air is the invisible staff of life. Smog is the invisible staff of death. book: Super Power Breathing for Super Energy and Longevity; by Patricia Bragg Does Big OIL or Big COAL have a Body BAG with your CHILD'S Name on it? http://vegcar.livejournal.com/24663.htm http://air301.livejournal.com http://air309.livejournal.com book: Big Coal, The Dirty Secret; by Jeff Goodell OIL - GAS REFINERIES = DIRTY AIR & DEATH http://www.refineryreform.org GENERAL MOTORS and the NAZIS War Profits at any cost - Auschwitz - Death Camps - Slave Labor Is there any difference between the Neo Nazis and the American Neo Conservatives? ARE YOU DRIVING A GM HITLER CAR? DVD: Who Killed the Electric Car? http://www.amazon.com/Who-Killed-Electr http://vegcar.livejournal.com/24209.htm book: Internal Combustion; by Edwin Black http://www.internalcombustionbook.c WHY DID GENERAL MOTORS DESTROY ELECTRIC CARS http://www.saveev1.org http://www.dontcrush.com NAZIS in the AMERICAN MILITARY Defense Fund for Freedom from the Extremist - please donate. Keep the Nuts away from the Nukes - Book of Revelation. George Bush and the End of the World Death Cult society of america - KKK http://bigoil600036.insanejournal.c http://www.militaryreligiousfreedom.o CRIMES AGAINST NATURE DICK CHENEY Made Millions with SADDAM HUSSEIN Enemies of Democracy http://bigoil431.insanejournal.com SHOCKING CORRUPTION by BIG OIL http://bigoil101.insanejournal.com DO WE HAVE TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION? Are your politicians taking Bribes - campaign contributions - from Big Oil and the Drug Companies? Is your Congressman a Drug Pusher for the Pharmaceutical Companies? Halt the incestuous relationship of sleazy politicians in bed with Big Oil. CAMPAIGN FINANCE INFORMATION CENTER Where does the money come from? http://www.campaignfinance.org/stat CENTER FOR PUBLIC INTEGRITY stop the Fat Cats from BRIBING your politicians http://www.publicintegrity.org DVD: Capitol Crimes by Bill Moyers The fall of super-lobbyist Jack Abramoff has exposed what may be one of the biggest political scandals in America's history. What does the dizzying scope of corruption say about how laws are made and who really owns the U.S. government? Bill Moyers and his team of investigative journalists untangle the web of relationships, secret deals, and political manipulation to open a disturbing window on the dark side of American politics. stop ELECTION FRAUD, support Honest elections. www.blackboxvoting.org www.verifiedvoting.org www.votevets.org mediamatters.org www.investigatethevote.org www.votersunite.org www.citizensact.org www.solarbus.org/election/cd/test/videos.h www.sourcewatch.org/index.php state info: http://victorygard379b.insanejournal.co DVD: Uncounted; Director: David Earnhardt DVD: Hacking Democracy; Director: Simon Ardizzone book: What Went Wrong In Ohio; by Congressman John Conyers book: What Happened in Ohio; by Bob Fitrakis VOTE SOLAR http://votesolar.org http://votesolar.livejournal.com http://www.seia.org http://solarstate2.livejournal.com IS GOD GREEN book: Care of Creation; by R. J. Berry book: Serve God, Save the Planet; by J. Matthew Sleeth book: Our Father's World; by Edward R Brown book: Redeeming Creation; by Fred Van Dyke book: Earth-Wise; by Calvin B. Dewitt book: Caring for Creation; Edited by Sarah Tillett book: A Moral Climate, the Ethics of Global Warming; by Michael S. Northcott book: For the Beauty of the Earth; by Steven Bouma-Prediger book: Saving God's Green Earth; by Tri Robinson book: God Is Green; by Ian Bradley book: God in Creation; by Jurgen Moltmann journal: Creation Care Magazine http://www.creationcare.org Keepers of the Earth. IS GOD GREEN? http://solarafrica307.livejournal.c `  ~ POLLUTION and RACISM, INJUSTICE book: Confronting Environmental Racism; by Robert Bullard book: Environmental Injustices; by David Camacho book: Environmentalism and Economic Justice; by Laura Pulido book: Pollution and the Death of Man; by Francis Schaeffer book: From the Ground Up, Environmental Racism; by Luke Cole book: Struggle for Ecological Democracy; by Daniel Faber book: No Safe Place, Toxic Waste and Community Action; by Phil Brown Bush slams Christians, Bunch of NUTS http://bigoil600037.insanejournal.c book: Tempting Faith: An Inside Story of Political Seduction; author: David Kuo Republican Child Molesters and Pedophiles http://bigoil600039.insanejournal.c Homosexuals for Republicans & George Bush http://bigoil600038.insanejournal.c WINE INDUSTRY ANNIHILATED by GLOBAL WARMING http://www.ukfreepages.co.uk/publish/pa Global Warming Destroys Maple Sugar Industry STOP CLIMATE CHAOS and the DESTRUCTION of the POOR http://www.itdg.org/?id=stopclimatechao http://campaigncc.org http://stopclimatechaos.org BIG OIL MAIN PAGE http://bigoil101.insanejournal.com GENERAL LINKS http://vegcar.livejournal.com/25537.htm ~ Proverb: A good person leaves an inheritance to their children’s children. What kind of inheritance are you leaving? ~  ` book: Miracle of Tithing; by Mark Victor Hansen http://tithing101.livejournal.com book: You Can If You Think You Can; by Norman Vincent Peale You never really lose until you quit trying. Mike Ditka NFL Football Coach DVD: Facing the Giants; director: Alex Kendrick BOLD SPIRIT http://bolderspirit.livejournal.com ~ I CAN DO (be) all things thru God who strengthens me. ~ Where there is no way, God can make a way. ~ With God all things are possible. ~ Whatever things you so desire, when you pray, believe that you receive them, and you shall have them. ~ The everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator of the ends of the earth, neither faints nor is weary. He gives power to the weak. To those who have no might, He increases their strength. To those who wait on the Lord, He shall Renew their strength. They shall mount up with wings like eagles. They shall run and not be weary. They shall walk and not faint. ~ ~ book: Unlocking the Secrets to Living Your Dreams; by Jack Canfield book: Amazing Results of Positive Thinking; by Norman Vincent Peale book: Miracle of Fasting, for Physical, Mental and Spiritual Rejuvenation; by Patricia Bragg book: Fasting Can Save Your Life; by Doctor Herbert Shelton book: Super Power Breathing for Super Energy and Longevity; by Patricia Bragg book: Coconut Cures; by Bruce Fife book: Healing Power for the Heart; by Robert Abel http://adhd101.livejournal.com http://organic4school.livejournal.c http://em202.livejournal.com your HEALTH (Wholeness) is your WEALTH ~ book: Rwanda, The Land God Forgot; by Meg Guillebaud DVD: In Lies We Trust; director: Dr. Leonard George Horowitz ~ Those who bring sunshine into the lives of others, cannot keep it from themselves. Choose to BE A WINNER. Be a bringer of the LIGHT. `  Earth Praise God. Be Thankful. Give God the Glory. |